Periodontal disease, also referred to as periodontitis or gum disease, is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the tissues supporting the teeth. It is characterized by inflammation and destruction of the gums, periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone, which leads to tooth loss if left untreated.
Periodontal disease typically starts with gingivitis, a reversible and milder form of gum disease caused by plaque buildup. When plaque, a sticky film consisting of bacteria and food particles, is not properly removed from the teeth and gums, it can irritate the gum tissue, resulting in inflammation. This initial stage is marked by swollen, red gums that may bleed easily, especially during brushing or flossing.
If gingivitis is left untreated, it can progress into periodontitis. In this stage, the bacteria present in plaque release toxins that further irritate the gums and stimulate an immune response. The body's defense mechanisms, coupled with the ongoing inflammation, can lead to the breakdown of the gum tissue and the supporting structures. Pockets may develop between the gums and teeth, providing a suitable environment for more plaque accumulation and bacterial growth.
Symptoms of periodontal disease include persistent bad breath, receding gums, gum tenderness, loose teeth, and changes in the bite pattern. Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include smoking, poor oral hygiene, certain medications, genetics, hormonal changes, and underlying health conditions such as diabetes.
Treatment for periodontal disease involves professional cleaning to remove plaque and tartar above and below the gumline. In advanced cases, surgical procedures may be necessary to repair damaged tissues and restore oral health. Regular dental check-ups, along with good oral hygiene practices, are essential in preventing and managing periodontal disease.
