Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a medical condition characterized by the persistence of a small opening or hole in the septum between the two upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria. This defect is present in all individuals during fetal development and allows blood to bypass the lungs, as they are non-functional in the womb. However, the majority of these openings close naturally shortly after birth. In PFO, however, this hole fails to seal, resulting in a persistent passageway between the atria.
A patent foramen ovale usually does not cause any symptoms and often goes unnoticed. However, it may have implications in certain medical conditions. It can allow a tiny amount of blood to travel from the right to the left atrium during certain activities, such as coughing, sneezing, or straining, leading to the potential for specific health problems. It is also associated with an increased risk of paradoxical embolism, which occurs when a blood clot from the venous circulation bypasses the lungs and enters the arterial circulation, potentially causing various complications.
Diagnosis of a patent foramen ovale typically involves imaging tests, such as echocardiography or transesophageal echocardiography. Treatment is not always necessary but may be warranted in certain cases, especially if the patient has experienced a stroke or other related complications. Options for management may include medication to prevent clot formation, closure of the opening through surgical or minimally invasive techniques, or close monitoring and risk factor management.
In summary, Patent Foramen Ovale refers to a persistent opening in the septum between the two upper chambers of the heart, which can lead to potential health problems or complications.
