The term "papacy" refers to the institution and authority of the Pope, the supreme head of the Roman Catholic Church. Stemming from the Latin word "papa," meaning "father," the papacy represents the successive line of popes that have held the spiritual and administrative power within the Church since its earliest days.
Functioning as a hierarchical office, the papacy officially began in the 1st century AD with Saint Peter, considered the first Pope, who was appointed by Jesus Christ himself according to Catholic belief. The papacy is characterized by its spiritual leadership, apostolic succession, and its role as the final authority in matters of doctrine, practice, and discipline within the Catholic Church.
The papacy holds significant religious, political, and diplomatic influence, with the Pope regarded as the Vicar of Christ on Earth. The Pope's role involves pontifical functions like papal teaching, exhortation, sacramental administration, and even the election of new popes through the papal conclave.
Throughout history, the papacy has played a central role in shaping Christian doctrine and influencing global affairs. The papal court, based in Vatican City, is where the Pope resides and conducts much of his administrative and spiritual duties. Popes are often seen as moral authorities and spiritual leaders, not only to the Catholic faithful but also having a broader influence on international relations and interfaith dialogues.
In essence, the papacy encompasses the office and authority of the Pope, the headship of the Roman Catholic Church, and the spiritual leadership derived from apostolic succession.
