Osteopenia is a medical term used to describe a condition where the density of bone tissue is lower than normal, but not as severe as osteoporosis. It is often considered as a precursor to osteoporosis. The word "osteopenia" is derived from the Greek words "osteo," meaning bone, and "penia," meaning poverty or decrease.
In osteopenia, the bone mineral density (BMD) is lower than the average peak BMD achieved in young adults. As a result, bone strength and integrity may be reduced, making individuals with osteopenia more susceptible to fractures. However, the risk for fractures is generally lower in osteopenia compared to osteoporosis.
This condition can affect both men and women, but it is more common in postmenopausal women due to hormonal changes that occur during menopause that can lead to bone loss. Other risk factors for developing osteopenia include aging, certain medications (such as corticosteroids), a family history of osteoporosis or fractures, low body weight, inactive lifestyle, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D.
Diagnosis of osteopenia is often done through a bone density test called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Treatment focuses on preventing further bone loss and maintaining bone health through lifestyle changes, exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medications when necessary.
It is important for individuals with osteopenia to have regular monitoring to prevent progression to osteoporosis and the associated increased risk of fractures.
