Orthorrhapha is a taxonomic group within the insect order Diptera, commonly referred to as "true flies" or "radiate-winged flies." The term "ortho-" means straight or correct, and the suffix "-rrhapha" denotes the presence of sutures or seams. Thus, Orthorrhapha refers to a group of flies in which the pupal case is closed along a straight suture.
These flies possess a complete metamorphosis lifecycle, with four distinct stages: egg, larva/maggot, pupa, and adult. The larvae of Orthorrhapha are often aphid-like or grub-like, with distinct head capsules and various body shapes and lifestyles. They can be found in diverse habitats, including water, soil, or decaying organic matter, and some are even parasitic.
Members of the Orthorrhapha group are anatomically characterized by having well-developed antennae, two functional wings, a pair of halteres (small club-like balancing organs), and a tubular proboscis used for feeding. Additionally, they exhibit a unique wing venation pattern known as "radiate," where the veins appear to radiate from a common point near the base of the wing.
This taxonomic group encompasses a wide range of fly families, including houseflies, fruit flies, horse flies, hoverflies, and many others. Orthorrhapha are ecologically significant as pollinators, decomposers, and predators. Their economic importance is also noteworthy, as some species are pests of crops or carriers of diseases.
