An organophosphate nerve agent is a classification of highly toxic chemical compounds used primarily in chemical warfare and for industrial purposes. These agents are derived from phosphoric acid and are known for their potent ability to disrupt the nervous system by inhibiting the action of certain enzymes called cholinesterases.
Organophosphate nerve agents work by irreversibly binding to the active site of cholinesterase enzymes, which are responsible for regulating the function of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. By doing so, these agents prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to an accumulation of this neurotransmitter. This excess acetylcholine overstimulates the receptors in the nerves and muscles, causing a cascade of symptoms that can range from mild to severe.
Exposure to organophosphate nerve agents can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption. Symptoms of such exposure include excessive sweating, confusion, headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, muscle twitching, and convulsions. In severe cases, victims may experience respiratory distress, paralysis, seizures, and even death due to respiratory failure or cardiac arrest.
The most well-known organophosphate nerve agents include Sarin, Soman, Tabun, and VX – all of which pose a significant threat to human health and safety. Due to their extreme toxicity, strict precautions must be taken in their handling, storage, and disposal. Antidotes such as atropine and pralidoxime can be administered as a swift response to mitigate the effects of organophosphate nerve agent poisoning.
