Orbiviruses are a genus of RNA viruses that belong to the family Reoviridae. They are characterized by their distinctive morphology, forming small, spherical particles or "orbs," from which their name is derived. These virus particles consist of a protein coat that encloses the viral genome, which is composed of multiple segments of double-stranded RNA.
Orbiviruses primarily infect arthropods, including mosquitoes, ticks, and flies, although they can also infect mammals, such as livestock and wildlife species. They are known to cause a range of diseases in animals, including horses, cattle, sheep, and goats.
The transmission of orbiviruses occurs primarily through the bites of infected arthropod vectors, although certain species can also be transmitted vertically from mother to offspring or through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated materials. Once inside the host, the orbivirus replicates in the cells of various organs, leading to systemic infection and potentially affecting multiple tissues.
Clinical manifestations of orbivirus infection in animals can vary widely, depending on the affected species and the specific strain of the virus. Symptoms may include fever, anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, respiratory distress, neurological abnormalities, and reproductive issues.
The diagnosis of orbivirus infections in animals is typically based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and molecular techniques, such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Preventive measures for orbiviruses include vector control strategies, such as the use of insecticides and environmental management to reduce arthropod populations. Vaccines are also available for certain orbiviruses, primarily those affecting livestock, and are used to minimize the impact of these diseases.
