Old World Leishmaniasis is a communicable and neglected tropical disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania species. The term "Old World" refers to regions primarily found in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin, where this disease is endemic.
Leishmaniasis is transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies belonging to the genus Phlebotomus in Africa or Lutzomyia in Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean regions. The parasites then invade and multiply within the macrophages of the human host, causing various clinical manifestations.
Three main forms of Old World Leishmaniasis are recognized: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. The cutaneous form primarily affects the skin, resulting in skin lesions or ulcers. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, found mainly in South America, affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat, causing disfiguring ulcers. The visceral form, also known as kala-azar, is the most severe and potentially fatal type, affecting various internal organs, particularly the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
The symptoms of Old World Leishmaniasis vary depending on the type and severity, but may include fever, weight loss, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen), and hyperpigmentation. Left untreated, it can lead to significant morbidity and mortality.
Diagnosis of Old World Leishmaniasis is primarily based on clinical observation, geographic location, and laboratory tests such as microscopic examination of the parasite, serological assays, and molecular techniques.
The control of Old World Leishmaniasis involves several strategies, including early diagnosis, treatment using antiparasitic drugs,
