Nikkud, also spelled as "Niqqud," is a term used in Hebrew linguistics to denote a system of diacritical marks or vowel points added to the Hebrew alphabet. It is primarily employed to indicate vowel sounds, enhancing the written representation of the language. Each vowel point or mark, known as a "nikkud" (plural: "niqqudot"), is placed beneath or above a consonant to indicate the specific vowel sound attached to it.
The nikkud system consists of various symbols, including dots, lines, and shapes, which modify the default vowel sounds inherent in the Hebrew language. The diacritical marks reflect the movement and placement of the tongue and lips during pronunciation. By employing nikkud, the reader can discern the pronunciation of vowels, lexical stress, and syllable division, which is often ambiguous in the vowel-less Hebrew script.
Nikkud plays a significant role in different areas such as language learning, syntax, liturgical practices, and biblical and classical Hebrew studies. It enables young Hebrew learners to grasp the correct pronunciation and helps in the study of Hebrew grammar and syntax, facilitating a proper understanding of the text. While modern Hebrew uses nikkud sparingly, primarily in children's books and basic texts for beginner readers, it remains prevalent in poetry, sacred texts, religious rituals, and theological works.
In summary, nikkud is a system of diacritical vowel points added to the Hebrew alphabet, aiding in the pronunciation and understanding of the Hebrew language, especially in early learning, religious contexts, and academic studies.
