Neutron capture therapy of cancer is a specialized form of radiation therapy used in the treatment of cancer. It involves the targeted delivery of high-energy neutrons to cancer cells, which are absorbed by certain atomic nuclei present in the tumor.
Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. In this therapy, a specific element, generally boron-10 or sometimes gadolinium-157, is administered to the patient either orally or intravenously. These elements have a high propensity to capture neutrons.
Once administered, the patient is exposed to a beam of thermal or epithermal neutrons. When these neutrons interact with the boron-10 or gadolinium-157 nuclei, a nuclear reaction called neutron capture occurs. This reaction releases energetic particles, such as alpha particles and gamma rays, which can cause significant damage to the tumor cells.
The high-energy particles generated by the neutron capture can penetrate only a short distance, limiting the damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This targeted approach minimizes the side effects often associated with conventional radiation therapy.
Neutron capture therapy is particularly beneficial in cases where tumors are located near critical organs or structures that are sensitive to radiation, as it allows for precise tumor targeting. This therapy is often used in the treatment of brain tumors, head and neck cancers, and certain types of melanoma.
Although neutron capture therapy shows promising results, extensive research is still being conducted to optimize its effectiveness and improve its accessibility to a wider range of cancer patients.
