Nephroptosia, also known as renal ptosis or floating kidney, refers to the abnormal downward displacement or movement of the kidney from its normal anatomical position within the abdominal cavity. In a healthy individual, the kidneys are situated in the retroperitoneum, on each side of the spine, and are fixed in position by surrounding tissues, ligaments, and muscles. However, in cases of nephroptosia, one or both kidneys can sag or drop lower than their usual location, potentially causing a range of symptoms.
Nephroptosia can be categorized into different degrees based on the extent of kidney displacement. In mild cases, the kidneys may descend slightly but remain within the normal range of movement. However, in severe cases, the kidneys can significantly drop down, sometimes protruding into the pelvic cavity.
This condition is usually caused by a weakening or stretching of the supporting structures that hold the kidneys in place. Common risk factors associated with nephroptosia include congenital abnormalities, physical trauma, rapid weight loss, severe coughing, pregnancy, and genetic predisposition.
Symptoms of nephroptosia can vary considerably depending on the degree of kidney displacement. Some individuals may be entirely asymptomatic, while others may experience symptoms such as flank pain, abdominal discomfort, urinary problems, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, blood in the urine. Management of nephroptosia often involves conservative measures, such as lifestyle modifications, adequate hydration, and wearing supportive undergarments. In more severe cases where symptoms are persistent and affecting the quality of life, surgical intervention to reposition or stabilize the kidney(s) may be necessary.
