A nephrolith, commonly known as a kidney stone, refers to a hard crystalline deposit that forms in the kidney due to the accumulation of minerals and salts from urine. This condition, termed nephrolithiasis, occurs when certain substances in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, or uric acid, become highly concentrated and form solid particles. These particles then combine and develop into larger, solid masses, known as nephroliths.
Nephroliths vary in size, ranging from tiny sand-like grains to larger stones that might obstruct the urinary tract, causing immense pain and discomfort. The formation of nephroliths can arise from different factors, including inadequate fluid intake, hereditary factors, certain medical conditions, or abnormal urinary pH levels.
The symptoms of nephrolith generally include intense pain in the lower back or side, often radiating towards the groin area, accompanied by frequent urination, blood in urine (hematuria), cloudy or foul-smelling urine, and a persistent urge to urinate. If the stones grow significantly large or cause severe obstruction, they might lead to complications, such as urinary infections, kidney damage, or blockage of urine flow.
Various treatment options can be used to manage nephroliths, depending on their size and location. These may include increased fluid intake, medication to alleviate pain or control excess stone-forming substances in the urine, shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or surgical removal. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, like dietary changes and adopting healthier hydration habits, are often recommended to prevent recurrent stone formation.
