Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV) is a pathogenic virus that primarily affects sheep and goats. It belongs to the genus Nairovirus, within the family Bunyaviridae. NSDV is transmitted by ticks, primarily the species Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis, which act as both vectors and reservoirs of the virus. These ticks are commonly found in parts of Eastern and Central Africa, particularly in regions with high humidity and moderate temperatures.
NSDV infection in sheep and goats typically manifests as a febrile illness, with symptoms including high fever, severe loss of appetite, depression, and a decline in milk production in female animals. Pregnant animals may experience abortion or give birth to weak or stillborn offspring. Occasionally, neurological signs such as tremors and convulsions may also be observed. NSDV can cause significant economic losses due to reduced productivity, high mortality rates, and the potential for spreading to other susceptible animals within a flock or herd.
The virus can also infect humans, causing a febrile illness known as Nairobi sheep disease in individuals who come into close contact with infected animals or tick vectors. While rarely fatal in humans, it can lead to various flu-like symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue.
Prevention and control of Nairobi sheep disease virus primarily involve tick control measures, such as strategic use of acaricides, proper management practices to reduce tick infestation, and quarantine procedures to limit the spread of infected animals. Additionally, the development and implementation of vaccines against NSDV have shown promising results in preventing the disease in livestock.
