MOLECULAR CYTOGENETIC TECHNIQUES Meaning and
Definition
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Molecular cytogenetic techniques refer to a set of laboratory methods and procedures that integrate the fields of molecular biology and cytogenetics to study the structure, function, and behavior of chromosomes at a molecular level. These techniques allow scientists to investigate the genetic material present within individual cells and analyze the relationship between chromosomal abnormalities and various diseases or disorders.
One commonly used molecular cytogenetic technique is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH involves using fluorescently tagged DNA or RNA probes to bind specifically to target sequences on chromosomes. By visualizing the fluorescence pattern under a microscope, researchers can identify chromosomal changes, such as deletions, duplications, or translocations, which may be associated with genetic disorders or cancer.
Another widely employed technique is chromosome microarray analysis (CMA), also known as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). CMA utilizes DNA microarrays to simultaneously detect and quantify copy number variations across the entire genome. This technique can identify gains or losses of genetic material in a sample, aiding in the diagnosis of genetic disorders and facilitating research into the underlying mechanisms of these conditions.
Molecular cytogenetic techniques have revolutionized the field of cytogenetics by providing more precise and sensitive methods for mapping and analyzing chromosomes. The information garnered from these techniques is critical for understanding the genetic basis of various diseases, predicting patient outcomes, and identifying potential therapeutic targets.
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