Maltese fever, also known as Mediterranean spotted fever or Boutonneuse fever, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii. The name "Maltese fever" originated from a 19th-century outbreak of the disease on the island of Malta. It is primarily found in the Mediterranean region but has been reported in other parts of the world.
Transmission of Maltese fever occurs through the bite of infected ticks, predominantly the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). The bacteria enter the bloodstream and invade endothelial cells, causing damage to blood vessels and leading to various symptoms. Symptoms typically appear 7 to 10 days after infection and may include fever, headache, rash, muscle aches, and fatigue.
The characteristic feature of Maltese fever is the development of a black eschar or scab at the site of the tick bite. This eschar is often accompanied by swollen and tender lymph nodes near the area. The rash, consisting of small red spots, typically begins on the extremities and spreads to other parts of the body.
Diagnosis of Maltese fever is typically confirmed through serologic testing, which detects antibodies against Rickettsia conorii. Prompt treatment with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or tetracycline, is essential to prevent complications and reduce the duration of illness.
Although Maltese fever is usually a self-limiting disease, severe cases can occur, especially in older individuals or those with weakened immune systems. Possible complications include meningitis, respiratory distress, and multi-organ failure.
Prevention strategies focus on avoiding tick bites through measures such as wearing protective clothing, using tick repellents, and ensuring the cleanliness of living areas. Additionally, tick control measures for
