Magma is a noun referring to a hot, semi-fluid material predominantly consisting of molten rock, along with suspended crystals, gases, and dissolved substances, that is found beneath the Earth's surface. It is typically formed due to the melting of existing rocks deep within the Earth's mantle or crust. Magma is extremely hot, with temperatures ranging from 700 to 1,300 degrees Celsius (1,292 to 2,372 degrees Fahrenheit).
When volcanoes erupt, magma is expelled onto the Earth's surface, at which point it is referred to as lava. However, while still beneath the surface, magma can also cool and solidify, leading to the formation of intrusive rock bodies like plutons, dikes, or sills.
The composition of magma can vary greatly, depending on the types of rocks and minerals that have undergone the melting process. Common components found within magma include silicon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
Magma plays a fundamental role in the geophysical processes that shape the Earth's crust, such as plate tectonics and volcanic activity. Its movement and behavior within the Earth's interior can influence the creation of geological features, such as mountains, islands, and volcanic landforms.
Studying magma is essential for understanding the dynamics of Earth's interior and its impact on surface processes. By examining its composition and behavior, scientists can gain insights into the formation and evolution of different types of rocks, as well as predict and mitigate volcanic hazards.
