Lyell Syndrome, also known as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), is a rare and life-threatening skin condition characterized by the rapid and extensive destruction of the skin and mucous membranes. Named after the Scottish geologist Sir Charles Lyell, it is considered to be an acute severe form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS).
Lyell Syndrome typically begins with flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, and sore throat, which are followed by the appearance of blistering or painful skin eruptions. The affected skin may rapidly detach, exposing raw tissue and causing severe pain and vulnerability to infections. The mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, genitals, and digestive tract may also be affected, leading to complications in eating, vision, and other bodily functions.
Caused by a hypersensitive immune system reaction, most commonly triggered by certain medications or infections, Lyell Syndrome requires immediate medical attention. Prompt diagnosis and treatment in specialized burn units are vital to minimize the risk of complications and mortality.
The primary goals of managing Lyell Syndrome involve discontinuing the causative medications, providing supportive care to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance, preventing infections, and managing pain. Treatment may include intravenous fluids, wound care, pain management measures, antibiotics, and in severe cases, immunoglobulin therapy or corticosteroids.
While the mortality rate associated with Lyell Syndrome is high, advancements in medical care have improved survival rates. However, even with appropriate treatment, patients may experience long-term complications, including scarring, vision loss, and respiratory or gastrointestinal problems.
