Lupus, commonly referred to as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects various parts of the body. This disorder occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs instead of protecting them from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses.
Lupus primarily affects women of childbearing age, although it can affect individuals of any age and gender. The cause of lupus remains unknown, but it is believed to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The symptoms of lupus can manifest differently in each individual depending on the areas of the body affected. Common symptoms include joint pain and swelling, skin rashes (particularly a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose), fatigue, fever, hair loss, photosensitivity, and ulcers in the mouth or nose.
Lupus is characterized by periods of flare-ups and remissions, with symptoms varying in intensity and frequency. It can affect multiple organs, including the kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, blood cells, and joints. Consequently, complications arising from lupus can range from mild to severe, potentially leading to organ damage or failure.
Diagnosis of lupus often involves a combination of assessing medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests including blood and urine analysis, and in some cases, biopsies. Treatment for lupus aims to manage symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and reduce organ damage. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antimalarials, immunosuppressants, and biologics may be prescribed based on the individual's symptoms and disease severity. Additionally, lifestyle modifications including sun protection, regular exercise, and stress management are commonly recommended to individuals with lupus.
