Lower respiratory infection (LRI) refers to an infection that affects the lower portion of the respiratory system, commonly involving the lungs and bronchial tubes. It is a broad term encompassing various conditions, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or rarely, fungi.
In detail, pneumonia is a type of LRI that primarily affects the lung parenchyma, causing inflammation and fluid buildup within the alveoli. Bronchitis is characterized by the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to coughing, chest discomfort, and excessive mucus production. Bronchiolitis, predominantly seen in infants and young children, refers to inflammation and infection of the bronchioles, causing respiratory distress.
Risk factors for lower respiratory infections include age (young children and the elderly are more susceptible), a weakened immune system, chronic medical conditions (e.g., asthma, COPD), exposure to environmental pollutants, smoking, and living in crowded or unsanitary conditions.
Symptoms of lower respiratory infections often include fever, persistent cough (with or without mucus production), shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and general malaise. Diagnosis may involve a combination of physical examination, medical history review, chest X-ray, sputum culture, and blood tests.
Treatment for lower respiratory infections depends on the specific cause and severity of the infection. It can range from self-care measures such as rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to combat symptoms, to prescribed antibiotics when a bacterial infection is present. Severe cases requiring hospitalization may necessitate oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support.
Prevention strategies for lower respiratory infections involve practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with people who are sick
