Low Earth orbit (LEO) refers to a specific region of space surrounding the Earth, characterized by its relatively close proximity to the planet's surface. It is defined as the region extending from approximately 160 kilometers (100 miles) to 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) above the Earth's surface.
LEO is distinct from higher orbits, such as geostationary orbit, as it is physically closer to the Earth. Satellites or spacecraft operating in LEO experience shorter orbital periods due to their lower altitude, typically completing an orbit in less than 2 hours. Consequently, they orbit the Earth more frequently compared to higher orbits.
This orbital region finds extensive usage in various fields, including telecommunications, weather monitoring, Earth observation, satellite navigation, and scientific research. It is highly advantageous for these purposes due to its close proximity to Earth, which allows for shorter signal latency and improved data collection.
Satellites operating in LEO are more susceptible to orbital decay and atmospheric drag compared to higher altitudes. Therefore, constant monitoring and occasional altitude adjustments are necessary to mitigate these effects and prolong the satellite's lifespan. LEO also poses challenges for long-term space missions, as frequent reboosts or resupply missions may be required to maintain the satellite's desired orbit.
Overall, low Earth orbit plays a crucial role in expanding our capabilities in space-based operations and enabling several essential applications that enhance our understanding of the Earth and improve communication systems.
