Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) refers to a class of RNA molecules that are longer than 200 nucleotides in length, yet lack the protein-coding potential observed in messenger RNA (mRNA). These RNA molecules play crucial roles in gene expression regulation and exhibit diverse functions in various cellular processes.
Although they are transcribed from DNA just like mRNA, lncRNAs differ mainly in their inability to code for proteins. Instead, they exert their effects through various mechanisms, such as acting as signaling molecules, scaffolding proteins, or regulators of gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
LncRNAs have been shown to be involved in a wide range of biological processes, including development, cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, and genome organization. They can interact with DNA, RNA, or proteins to influence gene expression, chromatin remodeling, and epigenetic modifications. Additionally, lncRNAs can act as decoys by binding to specific molecules, thereby preventing them from interacting with their target molecules.
The field of lncRNA research is rapidly expanding, and ongoing studies continue to uncover their importance and functional relevance in health and disease. Dysregulation or aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been associated with numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders. Consequently, lncRNAs have gained considerable attention as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for various diseases, as well as serving as biomarkers for prognosis or disease progression.
Overall, long noncoding RNAs play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression, contributing significantly to the complexity of cellular processes and the development of various diseases.
