Leishmania tropica major is a parasitic protozoan of the genus Leishmania that is responsible for causing a severe form of cutaneous leishmaniasis, known as Oriental sore or Aleppo boil. It is primarily endemic in the Middle East, particularly in regions like Iraq, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.
Leishmania tropica major is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies. Once inside the human body, the parasites invade and multiply within macrophages, which are immune cells responsible for fighting infection. This invasion results in the progressive development of skin lesions, typically characterized by painful ulcers that may become chronic and disfiguring if left untreated.
The clinical presentation of Leishmania tropica major infection is highly variable, ranging from mild to severe forms. The severity of the symptoms is influenced by several factors, including the individual's immune response and genetic predisposition. In addition to cutaneous manifestations, systemic symptoms such as fever, malaise, and lymphadenopathy can occasionally occur.
Diagnosis of Leishmania tropica major infection is typically made by microscopic examination of tissue samples or material obtained from the skin lesions. Molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may also be employed for definitive identification.
Treatment for Leishmania tropica major infection usually involves the use of antiparasitic drugs, such as pentavalent antimonials or miltefosine. In some cases, cryotherapy or thermotherapy may also be considered as alternative treatment options.
Prevention of Leishmania tropica major infection primarily relies on avoiding sandfly bites by wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, and staying in well-screened areas, particularly during dusk and dawn when sandflies are most active.
