Leishmania donovani is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes the disease known as visceral leishmaniasis, also referred to as Kala-azar. It belongs to the genus Leishmania, which comprises numerous species that are responsible for various forms of leishmaniasis. Leishmania donovani, specifically, primarily affects internal organs and can lead to severe and potentially fatal health complications if left untreated.
The parasite is transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies, belonging to the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. Once inside the human body, the Leishmania donovani parasites invade and multiply within the cells of organs such as the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
The infection presents with a range of symptoms, including prolonged fever, weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anemia. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as hemorrhages, secondary infections, and a weakened immune system.
Diagnosis of Leishmania donovani infection is typically achieved through laboratory tests, such as microscopic examination of tissue samples or serological tests. Treatment usually involves the use of antimonial drugs, such as pentavalent antimonials, or other medications like amphotericin B.
Prevention and control of Leishmania donovani infection focus on reducing exposure to sandflies by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and implementing vector control measures, such as insecticide spraying and bed nets.
