The late Middle Ages is a period in European history that encompasses the latter part of the Middle Ages, spanning from the 14th century to the 15th century. It is characterized by a range of significant political, social, and cultural developments that emerged following the decline of the High Middle Ages. The period began with the onset of the Black Death, a devastating pandemic that had far-reaching consequences on the continent.
Politically, the late Middle Ages saw the decline of feudalism and the rise of centralized nation-states, with monarchies gaining increasing power and control. This era witnessed the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which resulted in significant political and social changes in both nations.
Socially, the late Middle Ages experienced notable shifts, including the growth of urban centers, the rise of the middle class, and the beginnings of social mobility. The period also witnessed the widespread persecution and discrimination against minority groups, such as Jews, which resulted in forced expulsions and pogroms.
Culturally, the late Middle Ages saw the birth of the Renaissance, a period of renewed interest in classical learning, exploration, and artistic achievements. This era witnessed the works of renowned artists and thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Johannes Gutenberg, whose invention of the printing press revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge.
Overall, the late Middle Ages was a transformative period marked by significant shifts in political structures, social dynamics, and cultural advancements that laid the groundwork for the Early Modern period.
