John Duns Scotus, also known as Doctor Subtilis (the Subtle Doctor), was a medieval philosopher and theologian who lived in the 13th and 14th centuries. He is considered one of the most influential figures of the late Middle Ages. Born in Scotland, Scotus studied at the University of Oxford and later became a Franciscan friar.
Scotus was known for his rigorous intellectual work in metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and philosophical theology. He developed a complex philosophical system that had a significant impact on subsequent thinkers. His approach emphasized the distinction between essence and existence, and he argued for the existence of God through reason rather than relying solely on faith.
Scotus also made important contributions to the understanding of human nature, free will, and morality. He posited that individual wills possess a natural ability to choose freely, thus affirming human freedom and the possibility of moral responsibility.
Furthermore, Scotus put forward theories on the nature of universals and particulars, challenging some prevailing views of his time. He championed the idea that universals exist independently of individual things, in what he referred to as formal distinctions.
Although Scotus' writings were initially controversial, his influence grew over time, particularly among Franciscan theologians and philosophers. His ideas played a pivotal role in shaping later philosophical and theological discussions, and he remains an important figure in the intellectual history of the Middle Ages.
