Jiva is a Sanskrit term commonly used in various Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It refers to the individual soul or life force that exists within every living being.
In Hinduism, Jiva is believed to be eternal and indestructible, representing the consciousness that animates all living entities. It is considered distinct from the physical body and is seen as the spark of life that differentiates living creatures from inanimate objects. Jiva is thought to be this eternal essence that transmigrates from one body to another in the process of reincarnation, based on its karma (the accumulated actions and their consequences). The ultimate goal of the Hindu spiritual path is to attain liberation (moksha) by realizing the true nature of the Jiva and its unity with the Supreme Soul (Brahman).
In Jainism, Jiva refers to the individual soul, which is believed to be trapped by karmic particles that accumulate due to actions, thoughts, and emotions. Liberation is achieved by purging all karmic attachments and achieving spiritual purity. Jivas are considered infinite in number, with each possessing the potential to attain enlightenment and become a siddha (liberated soul).
In Buddhism, Jiva is often used synonymously with the concept of "satta" or "sentient being." It represents the experiential aspect of life, encompassing the mind, feelings, perception, and consciousness. Buddhism emphasizes impermanence and does not posit a permanent, unchanging essence like some other traditions.
Overall, across these various ancient belief systems, Jiva represents the unique, individualized life force or soul that distinguishes living beings and is subject to spiritual growth, transmigration, and liberation.
