Jackknife seizure, also referred to as a tonic-clonic seizure or grand mal seizure, is a type of epileptic seizure characterized by a sudden and intense electrical disturbance in the brain. It is the most recognized and classic form of seizure, involving a combination of tonic and clonic movements.
During a jackknife seizure, the individual experiences two main phases. The tonic phase comes first and is marked by a sudden loss of consciousness and a stiffening or contraction of the muscles. The person may fall abruptly and lose control, often with their back and limbs arching backwards, resembling the folding motion of a jackknife. Breathing may also become irregular, and the person may bite their tongue or lose control of their bladder.
Following the tonic phase, the clonic phase begins, characterized by rhythmic muscle jerking or convulsions. These muscle contractions typically involve the entire body, with the muscles contracting and relaxing spasmodically. The person may emit groans or other vocalizations due to the forceful contraction of the chest muscles.
The duration of a jackknife seizure can vary but generally lasts for a few minutes. Once the seizure ends, the individual may experience postictal confusion, fatigue, or a headache. In some cases, there may be a temporary loss of memory regarding the seizure event.
Treatment for jackknife seizures typically involves antiepileptic medications to reduce the frequency and severity of the seizures. Other interventions may include lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a regular sleep pattern, managing stress levels, and avoiding triggers that may provoke seizures.
