Isoprenoid compounds, also known as terpenes, are a diverse class of natural organic compounds containing multiples of the five-carbon building block called isoprene. The term "isoprenoid" is often used interchangeably with "terpene" due to their shared structural characteristics. Isoprenoids are found in all domains of life, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi.
Isoprenoids play crucial roles in many biological processes and are renowned for their versatile functions. They are involved in various physiological functions ranging from pigments and hormones to defense mechanisms against predators and pathogens. For instance, isoprenoids contribute to the vibrant colors of flowers and fruits, acting as pigments. They also serve as essential components of the respiratory and photosynthetic systems in plants, enabling energy transfer and electron flow.
Furthermore, isoprenoids are responsible for the characteristic scents and flavors found in many plants and commonly used in perfumes, essential oils, and spices. These compounds also possess medicinal properties, with some isoprenoids being used in traditional medicine and the development of pharmaceutical drugs.
In terms of structure, isoprenoids consist of two or more isoprene units, which can be linked together in diverse arrangements to form a wide array of compounds. These range from small isoprenoids, such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, to larger macromolecules like diterpenes and polyterpenes.
Overall, the term "isoprenoid" encompasses a vast and diverse group of natural compounds that play essential roles in various biological processes, and also find applications in a range of industries including perfume, pharmaceuticals, and flavors.
