Integrins are a group of transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell adhesion and signaling processes within the human body. They are composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, which come together to form a heterodimer. Integrins are present on the surface of most cells and act as bridges between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the intracellular cytoskeleton, thereby facilitating cell-matrix adhesion.
These proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell migration, tissue development, wound healing, immune response, and blood clotting. Integrins achieve these functions through their ability to bind to specific ECM components, such as various proteins like fibronectin, collagen, and laminin.
The binding of integrins to the ECM triggers intracellular signaling pathways that can influence cell shape, motility, proliferation, and survival. Integrins also participate in intercellular interactions, mediating communication between neighboring cells and enabling the formation of stable multicellular structures.
Due to their vital role in various physiological processes, integrins have been the subject of extensive research. Dysregulation or malfunction of integrins has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and inflammatory disorders.
Understanding the structure and function of integrins has led to the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting these proteins for the treatment of various diseases.
