Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia), resulting in bruising and bleeding tendencies. "Idiopathic" refers to the fact that the cause of this condition is currently unknown and often cannot be identified.
Thrombocytopenia occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly identifies platelets, which are responsible for blood clotting, as foreign and attacks them. Consequently, the platelets are destroyed or cleared from the bloodstream at a fast rate, leading to a reduced platelet count. This deficiency in blood clotting cells may cause excessive or spontaneous bleeding, resulting in small, purplish spots on the skin known as petechiae, or larger, flat, purplish bruises called purpura.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura primarily affects adults but can also occur in children. It may manifest as either acute or chronic ITP. Acute ITP often occurs after a viral infection and improves spontaneously within a few weeks or months. Chronic ITP, on the other hand, lasts longer than six months and may require treatment to manage the symptoms. The disorder can be diagnosed through a physical examination, blood tests to measure platelet count and function, and ruling out other potential causes of thrombocytopenia.
Treatment options for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura depend on the severity of symptoms and can include medications to boost platelet production, immune system suppressants, steroids, or in severe cases, removal of the spleen to help increase platelet levels. Regular monitoring of platelet counts and close follow-up with a healthcare professional are recommended for individuals diagnosed with ITP.
