Hypertension in pregnancy, also known as gestational hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), refers to the development of high blood pressure during pregnancy. This condition typically arises after the 20th week of gestation and affects approximately 5% to 8% of pregnancies. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher and/or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. Hypertension in pregnancy may occur in women who previously did not have high blood pressure or those with pre-existing hypertension.
This condition can be further categorized into four main types:
1. Chronic hypertension: Present prior to pregnancy, or diagnosed during the first 20 weeks of gestation.
2. Gestational hypertension: High blood pressure that arises after the 20th week of gestation, without the presence of proteinuria (protein in the urine).
3. Preeclampsia: A more severe form of gestational hypertension that involves the presence of proteinuria and potentially affects multiple organs, such as the liver and kidneys.
4. Eclampsia: A life-threatening condition characterized by seizures in women with preeclampsia.
Hypertension in pregnancy poses risks to both the mother and the developing fetus. It can lead to complications such as preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and maternal organ dysfunction. Regular blood pressure monitoring, prenatal care, and medical management are essential for the early detection and appropriate management of hypertension in pregnancy to minimize potential adverse outcomes.
