Hyperosmolar syndrome, also known as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), is a potentially life-threatening medical condition characterized by severe hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) and extreme dehydration, leading to a very high osmolarity (concentration of solute in the blood) in the body. This condition primarily affects individuals with type 2 diabetes, often those with poor glucose control or undiagnosed diabetes.
Hyperosmolar syndrome typically develops over a longer period compared to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), another diabetes-related complication. It is often triggered by underlying medical conditions such as infections, heart attack, stroke, kidney problems, or certain medications, which further disrupt glucose regulation in the body.
The main symptoms of hyperosmolar syndrome include profound dehydration, excessive thirst, frequent urination, weakness, confusion, visual disturbances, and in severe cases, seizures or loss of consciousness. Unlike DKA, ketones are not typically present in the blood or urine, as insulin levels may still be high enough to prevent ketone production, but insufficient to control blood sugar levels effectively.
Immediate medical attention is crucial to manage hyperosmolar syndrome as it can lead to various complications, including organ damage, blood clotting disorders, and even coma. Treatment typically involves intravenous fluid administration to rehydrate the body, correction of electrolyte imbalances, and insulin therapy to lower blood sugar levels gradually.
Prevention of hyperosmolar syndrome is centered on consistent diabetes management, regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, adherence to prescribed medications, and promptly seeking medical attention for any illnesses or symptoms related to diabetes.
