Hyaline membrane disease, also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), is a serious medical condition that primarily affects premature infants, particularly those born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation. This condition is characterized by the formation of a thick, proteinaceous lining called hyaline membrane in the small air sacs, known as alveoli, of the lungs. The hyaline membrane obstructs the airways, leading to significant respiratory distress and inadequate oxygenation.
The main cause of hyaline membrane disease is the insufficient production of surfactant, a substance secreted by the lungs to reduce surface tension and facilitate the expansion of the alveoli during breathing. Surfactant deficiency in premature infants causes the alveoli to collapse, making it difficult for them to inhale sufficient amounts of oxygen and expel carbon dioxide effectively.
Symptoms of hyaline membrane disease typically manifest shortly after birth and may include rapid or labored breathing, grunting sounds, nasal flaring, retractions (pulling in of the chest wall during inspiration), and a bluish skin coloration due to insufficient oxygenation, known as cyanosis.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are vital in managing hyaline membrane disease. Treatment usually involves providing the affected infant with supplemental oxygen and, in severe cases, mechanical ventilation to ensure proper oxygenation. Additionally, exogenous surfactant replacement therapy may be administered to improve lung function.
With advancements in neonatal care, the prognosis for infants with hyaline membrane disease has improved significantly. However, the condition still carries a risk of complications, such as chronic lung disease and neurodevelopmental issues, especially in cases of severe or prolonged illness.
