Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen that primarily affects infants, young children, and older adults, causing respiratory tract infections. This RNA virus belongs to the family Pneumoviridae and the genus Orthopneumovirus. It is a major cause of respiratory illness worldwide, accounting for a significant burden of acute lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
The transmission of hRSV occurs through close contact with respiratory droplets generated by infected individuals, primarily through coughing or sneezing. Upon infection, the virus initially targets the upper respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, coughing, and fever. In more severe cases, hRSV can progress to lower respiratory tract involvement, causing wheezing, difficulty breathing, and respiratory distress.
The clinical manifestations of hRSV infection can range from mild to life-threatening, particularly in vulnerable populations such as premature infants, older adults, or individuals with underlying health conditions. Due to the wide distribution and high prevalence of hRSV, it is responsible for a considerable number of hospitalizations and childhood deaths worldwide.
Although treatment options are limited, supportive care is crucial, including adequate hydration, fever management, and supplemental oxygen when necessary. Preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and immunoprophylaxis with monoclonal antibodies or palivizumab, are essential in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with hRSV infection.
Research efforts continue to focus on the development of safe and effective antiviral medications and vaccines to combat this significant respiratory pathogen, especially in high-risk populations.
