Human polyomavirus BK, also known as BK virus or BKPyV, is a member of the Polyomaviridae family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that infect humans. It was first isolated in 1971 from the urine of a renal transplant recipient named Mr. B.K., hence the name.
BK virus is widespread in the human population, with up to 90% of adults having been exposed to the virus at some point in their lives. It is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or contact with infected bodily fluids, such as urine. Primary infections usually occur during childhood and are usually asymptomatic or cause mild respiratory symptoms.
In healthy individuals with intact immune systems, BK virus remains latent in the kidneys and urinary tract without causing any noticeable symptoms. However, in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, or individuals undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, the virus can reactivate and lead to complications. BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), a kidney disease characterized by inflammation and damage to the renal tubules, is a common consequence in transplant recipients.
Diagnosis of BK virus infection is usually done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of urine or blood samples, which detects viral DNA. There is no specific treatment for BK virus infection, and management usually involves reducing immunosuppression, maintaining close monitoring of kidney function, and providing supportive care.
In conclusion, human polyomavirus BK is a widespread virus that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, potentially leading to BKVAN. Regular monitoring and appropriate management are crucial to prevent severe complications.
