HFRS stands for Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, which is an infectious disease caused by several species of hantaviruses. Hantaviruses primarily infect rodents and are transmitted to humans through contact with the urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents, particularly the aerosolized particles from these excretions. HFRS typically manifests as a flu-like illness with symptoms including fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, and fatigue.
The disease progresses to a more severe stage characterized by hemorrhagic manifestations such as bleeding gums, nosebleeds, and gastrointestinal bleeding. It also affects the kidneys, leading to kidney dysfunction and potentially permanent renal damage. HFRS is divided into different subtypes based on the specific hantavirus species involved, including Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Puumala virus, and Dobrava-Belgrade virus, each prevalent in different geographical areas.
Diagnosis of HFRS is mainly based on clinical symptoms, serological testing, and detection of hantaviral genetic material in blood or other bodily fluids. Treatment primarily focuses on supportive care, including hydration, pain management, and management of complications such as renal failure. There is currently no specific antiviral treatment available for HFRS.
Prevention of HFRS primarily involves avoiding contact with rodents and their excretions, particularly in areas where hantavirus infection is known to occur. Taking precautions such as sealing rodent entry points in homes and keeping a clean living environment can help reduce the risk of exposure. Vaccines against certain hantavirus species are available in some countries but their effectiveness and availability vary.
