Herpes zoster viruses, also known as varicella-zoster viruses, are a group of infectious agents that belong to the family Herpesviridae. These viruses are responsible for causing two distinct clinical manifestations: varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles).
Varicella-zoster viruses primarily target humans, and their transmission occurs through direct contact or respiratory droplets expelled by an infected individual. Following initial infection, the viruses remain dormant in the sensory nerve ganglia throughout the person's lifetime. Reactivation of the virus can lead to herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles. This reactivation usually happens due to a weakened immune system or aging.
The characteristic symptom of herpes zoster is a painful, blistering rash that is often localized to one side of the body. It typically appears along the distribution of a single sensory nerve. Along with the rash, other symptoms such as fever, headache, fatigue, and lymph node enlargement may occur.
Herpes zoster viruses can be diagnosed through clinical examination and laboratory tests, including viral culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serological assays. Treatment mainly focuses on relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and preventing complications such as postherpetic neuralgia.
Prevention of herpes zoster viruses can be achieved through vaccination, with two vaccines available: Varicella vaccine for varicella prevention and Zoster vaccine for shingles prevention. These vaccines have proven to be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of the diseases caused by herpes zoster viruses.
