Herpes labialis, commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters, is a contagious viral infection that affects the lips and surrounding areas of the mouth. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).
When a person becomes infected with HSV-1, the virus remains dormant in the nerve cells near the lower part of the face. Certain triggers can reactivate the virus, resulting in the development of cold sores. These triggers can include stress, exposure to sunlight, hormonal changes, a weakened immune system, or a recent illness.
The symptoms of herpes labialis typically begin with a tingling or burning sensation on the lips or the skin around the mouth. Soon after, small, painful blisters filled with fluid appear. These blisters may burst, ooze, and then crust over in a matter of days. During this time, the person may experience discomfort, pain, or itching.
Herpes labialis is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with the blisters or the fluid within them, as well as through sharing utensils, towels, or other personal items. The virus can also be spread through oral sex, leading to genital herpes.
Although there is no cure for herpes labialis, antiviral medications, such as acyclovir or valacyclovir, can be prescribed to reduce the severity and duration of the outbreak. Over-the-counter creams or ointments may also provide symptomatic relief. It is important to avoid direct contact with the affected area, practice good hand hygiene, and avoid triggers to prevent the spread and recurrence of herpes labialis.
