Hairy cell leukemias (HCL) are a rare type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, specifically the white blood cells known as B lymphocytes. This condition is named after the appearance of the cancerous cells, which have small, hair-like projections on their surface.
Hairy cell leukemias are classified as a subcategory of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), as they both involve the abnormal growth of white blood cells. However, HCLs display distinct characteristics that set them apart from other types of CLL.
In HCL, the abnormal B lymphocytes accumulate in the bone marrow, disrupting the production of healthy blood cells. The presence of these hairy cells can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, recurrent infections, anemia, and an enlarged spleen.
Diagnosis of hairy cell leukemias involves a combination of thorough physical exams, blood tests, and bone marrow biopsies. Treatment options typically include chemotherapy drugs that target and kill the cancerous cells. Other treatment modalities, such as immunotherapy and splenectomy (removal of the spleen), may also be considered depending on the severity of the disease.
Although hairy cell leukemias are a chronic condition, the prognosis is generally favorable, with patients often achieving long-term remission. Regular follow-up visits and monitoring are necessary to ensure that any potential relapses are detected early and promptly treated.
