Gynaecomasty, also spelled as "gynecomastia," is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal enlargement of the breast tissue in males. The term is derived from the Greek words "gyne" meaning "woman" and "mastos" meaning "breast." It can affect one or both breasts and is usually not associated with any severe health complications.
Gynaecomasty occurs due to an imbalance in the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Estrogen, more commonly associated with females, promotes breast tissue growth while testosterone, predominant in males, restricts it. When there is an increase in estrogen or a decrease in testosterone, or a combination of both, the breast tissue may grow more than normal, leading to gynaecomasty.
This condition can be seen in individuals of all ages, from infancy to old age, but is more common during three specific periods: infancy, adolescence, and old age. In infants, it is usually temporary and due to the presence of maternal hormones. During adolescence, hormonal fluctuations during puberty can trigger gynaecomasty, and it tends to resolve on its own within a few months to a few years. In older men, it can occur as a result of age-related hormonal changes or certain medical conditions.
Gynaecomasty can be caused by various factors including hormonal imbalances, obesity, certain medications (such as anti-androgens, anabolic steroids, or certain antidepressants), illicit drug use, alcohol abuse, and some medical conditions. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes (such as weight loss or reducing alcohol consumption), medication adjustments, or, in severe cases, surgical intervention to remove the excess breast tissue.
