GVHD, or Graft-Versus-Host Disease, is a medical condition that occurs when transplanted or donated stem cells or a bone marrow graft attack the recipient's body. It is commonly seen in patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), which is a procedure used to treat certain types of cancer, such as leukemia.
GVHD develops when the transplanted immune cells, known as T-cells, mistakenly recognize the recipient's tissues and organs as foreign and proceed to attack them. This immune response can affect several organ systems, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and lungs.
The hallmark symptoms of GVHD often include rash, diarrhea, and liver dysfunction, but can vary depending on the affected organs. Acute GVHD typically arises within the first few months after transplantation, while chronic GVHD typically occurs over several months or even years after the transplant.
Treatment for GVHD aims to suppress the immune response, making use of immunosuppressive drugs to help control the inflammation and minimize damage to the recipient's tissues. In severe cases, additional supportive therapies may be required, including phototherapy for skin manifestations, antibiotics to prevent infections, and nutritional support to manage gastrointestinal complications.
It is important to note that GVHD can significantly impact the long-term prognosis and quality of life for patients who have undergone stem cell transplantations. Thus, close monitoring and early intervention are crucial to managing and improving outcomes for individuals affected by GVHD.
