Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the rapid onset of weakness, numbness, and, in severe cases, paralysis of the limbs. It is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system. The syndrome is named after the two French physicians who first described it in 1916, Georges Guillain and Jean Alexandre Barre.
GBS typically begins with weakness and tingling sensations in the legs and can progress to affect the arms and upper body. Symptoms may then spread symmetrically, causing muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and coordination problems. In severe cases, GBS can lead to complete paralysis and affect the muscles involved in breathing and swallowing, which may require ventilatory support.
The exact cause of GBS is unknown, but it often occurs after a viral or bacterial infection. It is believed that an infection may trigger an abnormal immune response that damages the peripheral nerves. GBS can affect individuals of any age but is more common in adults than children. It is estimated to affect approximately one to two people per 100,000 population.
Diagnosis of GBS is based on clinical symptoms, physical examination, and the presence of specific findings in nerve conduction tests such as reduced nerve conduction velocity or absence of electrical activity. Treatment usually involves supportive care, including close monitoring of respiratory function, physical therapy, pain management, and, in severe cases, plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.
Most individuals with GBS have a good prognosis and recover over time, although the recovery period can vary from weeks to months or even years. However, some individuals may experience long-term neurological complications or residual weakness.
