GM antigen refers to a group of genetically determined antigens present on the surface of immunoglobulins, specifically immunoglobulin G (IgG), which are antibodies produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances. The GM (Gm allotype) antigens are inherited and found in all individuals, but the specific combination and frequency differ among individuals and populations.
Each GM antigen is encoded by a particular gene, and multiple alleles exist for each gene, resulting in a variety of antigens. They are named with two letters indicating the genetic locus and a number indicating the specific allele. There are several GM antigens, including Gm(a), Gm(b), Gm(c), and more, with each antigen having its unique characteristics.
GM antigens play a role in human immune response and can influence susceptibility to certain diseases, response to therapy, and compatibility for organ transplantation. Studies have shown associations between specific GM antigens and diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and infectious diseases.
Furthermore, the presence of GM antigens can affect the effectiveness of antibodies in neutralizing pathogens. Research has shown that different GM alleles may provide different levels of protection against specific infections, making GM antigen typing valuable in clinical practice.
Overall, GM antigens are genetically determined molecules found on IgG antibodies that contribute to immune response variability, disease susceptibility, and compatibility for organ transplantation. They play a crucial role in understanding immunogenetic variations and their implications in disease pathogenesis.
