Generalized seizure disorders, also known as generalized seizures or grand mal seizures, are a type of neurological condition characterized by abnormal electrical activity that occurs throughout the entire brain. These seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain, resulting in a loss of consciousness and widespread physical convulsions.
Generalized seizure disorders are classified into different subtypes, including tonic-clonic seizures, absence seizures, atonic seizures, and myoclonic seizures. Tonic-clonic seizures, the most common subtype, involve a sudden loss of consciousness, followed by body stiffening (tonic phase) and rhythmic jerking movements (clonic phase). Absence seizures are characterized by brief episodes of impaired awareness or staring spells. Atonic seizures, also known as drop attacks, cause a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to falls or drops. Myoclonic seizures produce brief, jerking movements of the limbs or body.
The underlying causes of generalized seizure disorders can vary. They may be idiopathic (having no identifiable cause), or they can be caused by genetic factors, structural brain abnormalities, brain injuries, infections, or certain metabolic disorders.
Diagnosing generalized seizure disorders usually involves a comprehensive assessment that includes detailed medical history, physical examination, electroencephalogram (EEG) to record brain wave patterns, and sometimes additional imaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) scan.
Treatment options for generalized seizure disorders often include antiepileptic medications to control and prevent seizure activity. In some cases, a ketogenic diet or surgical intervention may be considered. The management of these disorders is typically coordinated by a neurologist or epileptologist, and it may require ongoing care and monitoring to optimize outcomes and improve quality of life for individuals living with generalized seizure
