Folic Acid Reductase refers to an enzyme involved in the metabolism of folic acid, also known as folate, in living organisms. Folic acid is an essential B-vitamin that plays a key role in various cellular processes, including DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation. Folic acid must be converted to its active form, called tetrahydrofolate (THF), to carry out these functions.
Folic Acid Reductase, commonly known as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolic acid (DHF) to THF using NADPH as a cofactor. This enzymatic reaction is of utmost importance as it generates THF, a crucial cofactor, required for one-carbon metabolism reactions, including the transfer of methyl groups for DNA methylation and purine synthesis.
Folic Acid Reductase enzymes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, although there may be variations in structure and regulation. In some bacteria, the enzyme is inhibited by certain drugs, such as sulfonamides and trimethoprim, making it a target for antimicrobial therapy.
Deficiency or impairment of Folic Acid Reductase activity can disrupt the normal folate metabolism pathway, leading to various health problems. In humans, inadequate levels of folic acid can result in megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in developing embryos, and increased susceptibility to certain cancers.
Overall, Folic Acid Reductase is a vital enzyme that facilitates the conversion of folic acid to its active form, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes, including DNA synthesis and methylation.
