Focal epithelial hyperplasia, also known as Heck's disease, is a rare and contagious viral condition that affects the oral mucosa, specifically the inner lining of the mouth. This condition is typically caused by one of the subtypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV types 13 and 32.
The term "focal" refers to the limited or localized nature of the condition, meaning that the hyperplasia occurs in specific areas rather than affecting the entirety of the oral mucosa. "Epithelial" relates to the cells that compose the epithelium, which is the outermost layer of the mucosa. "Hyperplasia" describes the abnormal proliferation or multiplication of cells, resulting in the thickening of the epithelial layer.
Clinically, focal epithelial hyperplasia presents as multiple lesions or papules that are usually painless and exhibit a characteristic color similar to the surrounding mucosa. The lesions can vary in shape, size, and location, but commonly appear on the lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, and gums. These lesions may persist for weeks or months, and due to the contagious nature of HPV, the disease can spread amongst individuals through close contact.
Diagnosis of focal epithelial hyperplasia often involves a thorough examination of the lesions, along with a biopsy for confirmation. Treatment options primarily aim at symptom management, as the condition is considered benign and typically resolves spontaneously without intervention. However, in certain cases, therapeutic interventions, such as surgical removal of the lesions or laser therapy, may be employed. Regular follow-up with a healthcare professional is important to monitor the progression and ensure appropriate management of the condition.
