Female Genital Tuberculosis (FGTB) refers to the infection of the female genital tract caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other organs, including the female reproductive system. FGTB is characterized by the presence of tuberculous lesions and granulomas in the genital tract, which can lead to various complications.
Symptoms of FGTB may include irregular menstrual cycles, abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, infertility, and complications during pregnancy such as miscarriage or preterm birth. However, FGTB often remains asymptomatic or presents with nonspecific symptoms, making diagnosis challenging.
The bacterium responsible for FGTB is primarily transmitted through the inhalation of infected respiratory droplets from individuals with active TB in the lungs. The bacteria can reach the female reproductive system through the bloodstream or through the direct spread from adjacent organs.
Diagnosis of FGTB involves various methods such as taking a thorough medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests (including acid-fast bacilli staining, culture, and polymerase chain reaction), imaging studies, and biopsy of suspicious lesions.
Treatment for FGTB typically involves a combination of antibiotics, specifically those effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, for an extended period of time. Surgery may be required in cases of extensive tuberculous damage or complications such as tubo-ovarian abscesses or intrauterine adhesions.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in avoiding long-term complications and improving reproductive outcomes for affected individuals. Additionally, preventative measures such as vaccination, improving living conditions, and screening high-risk populations can help in the control and prevention of FGTB.
