Favism is a medical condition characterized by a severe reaction to consuming fava beans or inhaling their pollen. This condition is predominantly found in individuals with a genetic deficiency in an enzyme called glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which plays a crucial role in protecting red blood cells from damage caused by oxidative stress.
The term "favism" originates from the Latin word "faba," meaning bean, as this condition primarily manifests after consuming fava beans. Symptoms typically occur soon after ingestion and can range from mild to life-threatening. Common signs include fever, headache, fatigue, back pain, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and dark-colored urine. In severe cases, individuals may experience hemolytic anemia, characterized by the rapid breakdown of red blood cells, leading to pale skin, jaundice, and a risk of additional complications.
The exact mechanism of how fava beans trigger the reaction in individuals with G6PD deficiency remains unclear. However, it is believed that certain substances present in the beans, such as vicine and isouramil, induce red blood cell damage in these individuals. As a result, healthcare professionals strongly advise individuals with known G6PD deficiency to avoid consuming fava beans or any related products.
Diagnosis of favism involves genetic testing to confirm G6PD deficiency, along with evaluation of symptoms and medical history. Treatment primarily involves managing symptoms, such as supportive care for anemia or addressing any complications that may arise. Patients are also advised to strictly avoid fava beans and certain medications that can exacerbate the condition. With proper management and avoidance of triggers, individuals with favism can lead normal, healthy lives.
