The family Acanthuridae is a taxonomic group of marine fish commonly known as surgeonfish or tangs. This family belongs to the order Perciformes and is widespread in tropical and subtropical oceans. Acanthuridae is one of the largest families of reef-associated fish, comprising more than 80 species.
Surgeonfish are characterized by their laterally compressed bodies, small mouths with brush-like teeth, and a single, sharp spine located on each side of the caudal peduncle, hence the name "surgeonfish." This spine can be protracted and used defensively when threatened.
Most species in the family Acanthuridae are highly colorful, often displaying vivid shades of blue, yellow, orange, or black. Many also possess prominent patterns, including stripes, spots, or markings on their bodies, enhancing their visual appeal. They typically grow to lengths ranging from a few inches to over a foot, depending on the species.
Primarily herbivorous, surgeonfish primarily feed on various algae and sometimes seagrass. Their specialized feeding apparatus, consisting of a mouth adapted for scraping and biting, allows them to efficiently consume these plant materials. As such, they play a crucial role in controlling algal growth on coral reefs and maintaining their ecological balance.
Surgeonfish are typically found in coral reefs, where they form schools or aggregations. They are known to engage in long-distance migrations, sometimes covering hundreds of miles in search of food or suitable breeding grounds. These fish are popular among aquarists and are often kept in home aquariums due to their striking colors, interesting behaviors, and compatibility with reef environments.
