False diphtheria, also known as pseudomembranous croup, is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and swelling of the upper airway, particularly the larynx and trachea, resulting in difficulty breathing. This condition is often mistaken for genuine diphtheria due to the presence of a grayish-white membrane or pseudo-membrane that forms in the throat, resembling the infamous symptom of true diphtheria. However, unlike true diphtheria, false diphtheria is not caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
False diphtheria typically occurs as a result of viral infections, most commonly parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or influenza virus. The infection causes inflammation of the respiratory mucosa, leading to the formation of the pseudo-membrane. This membrane can obstruct the airway, causing hoarseness, stridor (high-pitched noisy breathing), and difficulty breathing. Children, especially those under the age of five, are more prone to false diphtheria.
Treatment for false diphtheria primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and reducing airway obstruction. This often involves supportive care such as humidified oxygen, nebulized epinephrine to reduce swelling, and corticosteroids to alleviate inflammation. Occasionally, hospitalization may be necessary for severe cases or if the obstruction becomes life-threatening.
It is important to differentiate between false diphtheria and true diphtheria, as the latter requires specific antibiotic treatment and administration of diphtheria antitoxin. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for providing appropriate care and preventing further complications.
